Historical Landmarks

[1813] Le Gallois

• First proposed extracorporeal circulation

[1858] Brown-Sequard

• Used own blood to perfuse an animal limb and was able to restore local reflexes

[1885] von Frey & Gruber

• Developed first ‘heart-lung’ machine

• Blood formed a film on the inside of a hollow metal cylinder where it was exposed to oxygen

[1895] Jacobj

• Used an isolated animal lung as an oxygenator

[1916] McLean

• Discovery of heparin

• Prior to heparinisation, blood was anticoagulated by whipping (resulting in defibrination)

• Allowed perfusion science to advance considerably

[1934] DeBakey

• Development of roller pump

• Initially as an add to rapid blood transfusion

[1956] Dewall

• Developed first totally disposable oxygenator

[1944] Kolff

• First introduction of extracorporeal circuit in clinical practice

• Pioneered haemodialysis using an artificial kidney

[1937] Gibbon

• Carried out first elective cardiopulmonary bypass (in a cat)

[1951] Dennis

• First attempt to use a heart-lung machine for total CPB in adult heart surgery

• Both patients died (one from massive air embolism)

[1952] Lewis

• Closed an ASD in the worlds first successful operation within the open human heart under direct vision

• Used blood inflow stasis and hypothermia only

[1952] Andreason & Watson

• Proved that it was not essential to have ‘normal’ venous return to maintain adequate cardiac output for vital centres

• Clamped dog’s vena cava with adequate venous return via azygos vein to maintain adequate cardiac output (albeit much reduced) for enough time for atrial repairs

[1953] Gibbon

• Successfully repaired an ASD in a young women with the circulation totally supported by an extracorporeal pump oxygenator system

• Used film oxygenator

[1955] Lillehei

• Repaired intracardiac defects in 32 infants & young children

• Used Andreason & Watson observations of the bodies short term ability to tolerate to low flows to use a donor adult to provide oxygenation (in cross circulation)

[1955] Mustard

• Used animal lungs as oxygenators during human cardiac surgery

[1956] Dewall

• Development of bubble oxygenator

[1963] Bodell

• Explored use of tubular capillary membrane oxygenator

[1965] Bramson

• First commercially available membrane oxygenator (silicone rubber sheets)

[1969] Lande; Pierce

• Contribution to membrane oxygenator development

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