Chronic Renal Failure

Physiological Imbalance	Cause	Clinical Manifestation
Hyperkalemia	Decreased GFR Metabolic acidosis	Dysrrhythmias Weakness Nausea diarrhoea Hyperreflexia muscle weakness
Metabolic acidosis	Decreased GFR	Kussmaul respirations Hyperkalemia Hypercalcemia
Sodium & Water retention	Decreased GFR Increased renin	Hypervolemia Circulatory overload —> CCF
Hyperuricemia	Decreased GFR	Gout
Osteodystrophy	Decreased GFR Decreased Vit D activation 2° renal disease	Weakening of bone Deposit of CaPO4 in soft tissue
Anemia	Decreased erythropoietin production by diseased kidney GIT bleeding	Hypoxemia Fatigue Respiratory & Cardiovascular stimulation
Azotemia	Decreased GFR	Anaemia 2° haemolysis Change in skin colour Uraemic frost GIT bleeding 2° irritation Anaemia & hypovolemia 2° GIT bleeding